Literature Review of Marine Algae

ABSTRACT

The algae are a ubiquitous group of photosynthetic organisms responsible for approximately one–half of the photosynthesis on earth. The term alga covers a wide range of diverse organisms. They can be either microscopic single celled microalgae or larger more complex multicellular macroalgae. They are distributed worldwide in both freshwater and marine habitats across a wide range of environments. Microalgae are autotrophic microorganisms, which utilize light energy and inorganic nutrients and synthesize valuable biomass compounds, such as pigments, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates etc. Algae are one of the earth’s most important natural resource. They contribute to approximately 50% of global photosynthetic activity (Wiessner et al., 1995) and form the basis of the food chain for over 70% of the world’s biomass (Andersen, 1996). Most of the aquatic productivity is due to phytoplankton, where algae play an important role. Marine algae, as primary producers, are ecologically important, and economically have been used as food and medicines for centuries. Today, various species of marine algae provide not only food but also produce extracts such as agar, carrageenans, and alginates. These extracts are used in numerous food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and industries application.

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